Australian Tax System

Australian Tax System Executive Summary Cigarettes fall among commodities that are classified under the Australian tax system as luxuries. As such, they are charged a levy known as GST (Goods and Services Tax) which normally stands at 10% of the value of the commodity so charged and a further excise tax[1].Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Australian Tax System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The GST system provides a lot of revenue for the Australian government due to the fact that most of the goods normally consumed in the due course of everyday life have to be charged GST. However, the government has zero-rated basic necessities such as food items, education, childcare and health care. It is notable that not all food items are GST-free and for one to know what is taxable and what is not, he or she must consult a list of products produced by the Australian Tax Office (ATO) that details the classification of goods for tax purposes. Appa rently, only registered businesses get a tax credit for GST and consumers are not entitled to a refund. For non-residents (international persons) they are eligible for a GST refund when they purchase goods in Australia exceeding the value of $300 dollars payable prior to departure and on presentation of current passport and airline tickets. Background The GST is a form of sales tax that is levied on transactions involving goods and services in Australia. It is a value added tax (VAT) and not a general sales tax in the sense that all parties in the supply chain get a refund except the end user who is usually the consumer. Interestingly, the GST was only introduced in Australia on July 1st 2000 during the premiership of John Howard. It replaced the cumbersome sales tax system that levied a ‘wholesale tax’ on a whole horde of goods which would also be taxed under state and territorial governments. The tax therefore brought some form of uniformity across the Australian tax system[2]. Initially, there had been much opposition to the introduction of the GST. The idea for a consumption tax that could be levied across the board was first proposed in 1985 by federal treasurer Paul Keating. However, the proposal was dropped after businesses, welfare groups and the ACTU opposed it due to its association with fringe benefits and capital gains taxes.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, the idea resurfaced in 1991 when the then opposition party Liberal-National Coalition (LNC) used it as a campaign item. The public’s distrust of the proposed GST eventually led to the re-election of Keating as Prime Minister and the surprise loss of what had been termed as the ‘unloseable election’ by the opposition in 1993. In 1996, John Howard led the LNC to a major victory in the elections after making a pledge to ‘neverà ¢â‚¬â„¢ introduce the GST. However, in 1998, he backtracked on the promise and instead proposed that the GST be introduced to replace the wholesale sales tax system. In the elections that year, the LNC lost to Labour by a narrow 4.61 % but won the majority of seats in the lower house. Howard felt that the win indicated that the public was now comfortable with the GST and thus he turned to the minority parties such as the Democrats to whip up support for its introduction since Labour could not accept the GST and the party lacked a senate majority[3]. The proposal for the introduction of the GST was marketed along with the promise that all revenues raised through the GST would eventually be distributed across Australian states and territories. Additionally, there was the promise that state and territorial taxes levied on consumption would be removed gradually and replaced with GST through the Commonwealth Grants Commission. However, the Democrats were opposed to the package unless it included exemptions on food, offshore tourism packages and books. After much back and forth, a deal was struck with the Democrats which saw the introduction of these exemptions which included; 8% refund on textbooks for school use, purchases of library books, greater powers extended to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and increased welfare payouts. The agreement between the parties led to the passage of the legislation dubbed A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act 1999 on June 28th 1999. The Act was assented to on July 8th 1999 and it acquired full operation on July 1st 2000.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Australian Tax System specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More List of Objectives This research paper shall look into the following; Does the GST system provide exemptions for international persons (non-residents)? What is the impact of double taxation agreements on the GST application? Do international persons qualify for tax refunds for cigarette purchases? Research methodology This research paper mostly relies on secondary data for information. Much of the information used here was acquired from publications by the Australian Tax Office (ATO), tax specialists and other experts on matters concerning the Australian tax system. Most of the material is in the form of online journal articles, publications, magazines, newspapers and tax seminar speeches. Results/Findings As earlier stated, the subject of international persons being susceptible to the GST was an issue of consideration in the passing of the A New Tax System (Goods and Services Tax) Act of 1999. Prior to the introduction of the GST, international persons, who for the purposes of this research refer to non-residents of Australia living temporarily in Australia, were allowed to purchased goods from ‘duty free’ shops as long as they had a current passport and showed evidence that they intended to leave soonest i.e. by presenting airline tickets. The system allowed such purchase on the premise that such goods would be sealed until the person had passed the customs area. With the introduction of the GST, much seems to have changed when it comes to the handling of international persons. Since tourism is a major foreign exchange earner, the tax regime has had to be lax on the taxation of international persons especially on consumables. Unlike in the previous sales tax system, the GST system allows the tourist or international person to purchase goods â€Å"GST free† a month before departure. The exemption from GST is allowed where the purchase made is for goods worth more than $300 Australian dollars and that the goods have to be carried as hand luggage and presented when making the refund claim at a Tourist Refund Scheme (TRS) counter during the departure. However, the construction of what makes up an international person for taxation persons is difficult. The GST sy stem has often been criticized for being unclear and difficult to understand[4].Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In most cases, the term non-resident is preferred as defined for income tax purposes. Where the international person in question comes into the country through any other visa except a travel visa, he or she is treated as a resident when it comes to taxation save for a few modifications. This would mean that GST would be levied on the person as long as he or she is keen to stay in Australia for more than six months. Even where the person intends to leave sooner, the only GST extension available is for one month and it only applies for hand luggage goods worth over $300 dollars[5]. Additionally, double tax agreements entered into between Australia and other countries seem to be only focused on income tax and customs duty. The implication is that international persons should pay for goods consumed in Australia irrespective of their citizenship or duration of stay. Consequently, most international persons do not receive a tax refund for purchase of goods levied GST. Ideally, the purpose of taxation is to collect revenue for offering services to Australians. Since international persons would most likely not benefit from these services due to their short stay, it is reasonable that they receive a tax refund for goods purchased that have been charged GST. Cigarettes fall within the bracket of goods that have to be charged GST. In addition, they are also charged a further excise tax. This would mean that international persons who purchase cigarettes from â€Å"non duty-free† shops have paid GST. Since it is not logical that they would purchase cigarettes worth $300 dollars or even expect that they would produce evidence of cigarettes smoked, it is apparent that international persons do not receive any tax return for cigarettes purchased. In addition, cigarettes are not a necessity and they have harmful effects on the environment and so it’s my opinion that the government should not make tax refunds for cigarettes purchased by international persons. Concl usion It is quite apparent that international persons enjoy certain tax benefits in the name of tourism. However, where they get into the country through any other visa other than a travel visa, the taxation system treats them the same way as ordinary residents save for a few modifications. While it would be prudent to extend some of these favours to these persons for tourism purposes, there are no benefits that will accrue to the country when cigarettes are allowed to be GST-free to non-citizens. Additionally, there are no tax exemptions available for goods that are charged excise tax. Bibliography Australian Tax History. Australian Tax Office. Last modified 3 August, 2009. ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=/content/tax_history.htm Gittins, Ross. A light on the hill for our future tax reformers. The Age. Last modified 15 June, 2009. http://business.theage.com.au/business/a-light-on-the-hill-for-our-future-tax-reformers-20090614-c7dt.html Goods and Services Tax (GST) 7.1.4 Risk s. Queensland University of Technology. James, S., Murphy, K. Reinhart, M. â€Å"Taxpayers beliefs and views: Two new surveys.† Australian Tax Forum 20(2) 2005: 157-188. Labor says GST has king hit economy. ABC 7.30 Report. Last modified 20 May, 2006. abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s256437.htm Footnotes â€Å"Australian Tax History, Australian Tax Office, Last modified 3 August, 2009, ato.gov.au/corporate/content.asp?doc=/content/tax_history.htm. Ross Gittins, A light on the hill for our future tax reformers, The Age, Last modified 15 June, 2009, http://business.theage.com.au/business/a-light-on-the-hill-for-our-future-tax-reformers-20090614-c7dt.html. â€Å"Labor says GST has king hit economy, ABC 7.30 Report, Last modified 20 May, 2006, abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s256437.htm. â€Å"Goods and Services Tax (GST) 7.1.4 Risks, Queensland University of Technology James, S., Murphy, K. Reinhart, M, â€Å"Taxpayers beliefs and views: Two new surveys†, Australian Tax Forum 20( 2) 2005: 157-188.

Key aspects of legislation Essays

Key aspects of legislation Essays Key aspects of legislation Essay Key aspects of legislation Essay Summarise cardinal facets of statute law. regulative demands and codifications of pattern associating to ain function and duties. ( 7. 1. 1 ) The BTEC PTLLS award is necessary before a individual can learn at a Further Education establishment such as Aylesbury College. To back up this making Lifelong Learning UK has published a new set of overarching professional criterions 1 that any instructors in this sector will necessitate to adhere to. This describes in generic footings. the accomplishments cognition and properties for those that perform functions in this sector. It is confusing to hear that the making will shortly be replaced following the Lingfield reappraisal. Other countries of statute law. that is of import in the instruction context is the Health and Safety at Work act 1974. which states how all employers and employees need to take duty for their ain safety demands. Cardinal statute law that besides needs to be considered for the acquisition environment is the Data Protection Act 1998. The aggregation and analysis of personal informations is intrinsic to any learning establishment and this act defines UK jurisprudence on the processing of informations on identifiable life people. It is the chief piece of statute law that governs the protection of personal informations in the UK and in pattern it provides a manner for persons to command information about themselves. It is non merely in the IT country but for all systems and paperwork when covering with personal informations. within the IT country it is particularly of import to see when learning the design of systems security and entree processs. Another country relevant to learning IT are the Display Screen Regulations 1992/2002 which is an amendment to the Health and Safety act. this requires all employers who require their employees to utilize show screens to guarantee that the seating place and lighting is decently adjusted and that the employee can take regular interruptions from the screen. Other cover statute law that applies in the workplace but non specifically to a learning establishment are: * Race Relations Act 2000. * Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and 2005 ( DDA ) . * Equality Act 2010. This brought together the legion array of Acts and Regulations. which formed the footing of anti-discrimination jurisprudence in Great Britain. This was. chiefly. the Equal Pay Act 1970. the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. the Race Relations Act 1976. the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 and three major statutory instruments protecting favoritism in employment on evidences of faith or belief. sexual orientation and age. Regulations more specific to the instruction environment are the undermentioned: * Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. The act required instruction suppliers to do sensible commissariats to guarantee people with disablements or particular demands were provided with the same chances as those who were non disabled. * Copyright. Designs and Patents Act 1988. A cardinal point here is that merely approximately 10 % of any published papers can be copied and circulated for educational intents before right of first publication is infringed. * IfL Code of Practice for Teachers ( 2008 ) . This is a straightforward codification of pattern for instructors to gives boundaries on their professional unity. behavior etc. * Safer pattern. safer acquisition ( 2007 ) – duties for safeguarding vulnerable grownups in the acquisition and accomplishments sector – published by NIACE and DES. Analyse ain duties for advancing equality and valuing diverseness. ( 7. 1. 2 ) In the category treatment on this subject. we discussed that equality is non handling everyone the same. it is instead handling everyone as unique to enable them every bit far as possible to hold equal chances to larn. this is what myself as a instructor will hold to work to accomplish. Promoting equality should take favoritism in all of the countries covered by the Equality act. Bullying. torment and victimization are besides considered as equality and diverseness issues. Diversity aims to recognize. regard and value people’s differences. and their ability to lend. A instructor should take to assist them make their full potency by advancing an inclusive civilization for all pupils ( and staff ) . Equality and diverseness is going more of import in all facets of our lives and work for a figure of grounds. Where I was antecedently working. the employees were recruited globally and could be posted anyplace. they were selected because they showed possible. Inclusivity and diverseness was to a great extent promoted as it was recognised that holding a diverse work force enhanced the company commercially. Peoples with different backgrounds bring different attacks to work outing jobs or commercial dialogues which is reflected in the company’s public presentation. In a college. recognizing. encompassing and valuing difference will take to betterments for everyone. including: * A more vivacious staff and pupil population ; * A better working and analyzing environment ; * Attracting and retaining the really best staff and pupils ; As a instructor I can advance equality and diverseness by: * Treating all scholars reasonably. * Making an inclusive civilization for all scholars. * Ensuring equal entree to chances to enable scholars to to the full take part in the acquisition procedure. * Enabling the scholars to develop to their full potency. * Equiping scholars with the accomplishments to dispute inequality and favoritism in their work/study environment * Making certain that any learning stuffs do non know apart against any persons or groups * Guaranting certain policies. processs and processes don’t discriminate It was discussed in category that equality can be promoted in different ways. such as discoursing in private with a pupil if they have jobs with dyslexia. which could be helped by the simple usage of different colored backgrounds to the powerpoints or press releases. A instructor must be cognizant of continually advancing inclusivity in all the class stuff and category treatments. some actions that can be positive are for case. prior to the category. look into the names. ages and any other inside informations of the scholars and if possible attempt to happen exposure or stuff that will hopefully be more relevant to their background. Although this shouldn’t be done to such an extreme to estrange others. it’s a all right balance. Besides it is good to do certain that different types of scholars are covered in the lesson program by distinguishing for larning manners. This besides helps to maintain the lesson interesting as one signifier of lesson bringing could acquire reasonably dull. One cardinal point would be to be careful of my linguistic communication. gags about stereotypes and insouciant remarks could easy do disaffection. It is besides necessary to hold a program on how to cover with inappropriate comments and behavior by the scholars. Within a college at that place will besides be other internal administrations available to run into the possible demands of scholars such as: * Student services / public assistance / fiscal assistance / pupil support * Careers services / advice and counsel * Learning wise mans / learning helpers * Learning troubles and disablements appraisal and support * International office for abroad scholars * Chaplaincy or medical services including sexual and mental wellness Coachs will be the chief point of contact for anything for a scholar so it is of import to understand how to acquire in touch with the assorted people working in the functions for my administration. Measure your ain duties in womb-to-tomb acquisition ( 7. 1. 3 ) In category we discussed the function and duties of a coach in womb-to-tomb acquisition. a figure of cardinal functions were identified. such as a coach needs to be knowing about the topic. but non needfully an expert. they need to be confident and pass on their points good. they need to be good organised with planned lessons and good timekeeping. The coach must put an illustration with their behavior. and direct the scholars. but in farther instruction. as opposed to mandatory instruction. you will non be moving as a leader and counselor. instead a facilitator. Of cardinal importance is set uping a contract with the scholars at the start of the class. so that they understand the boundaries that are set and what my outlooks of them are. In the FE sector this is more of import with immature grownups ( 16-18 old ages ) than in big instruction. Bearing in head that all scholars will be somewhat different and work at different degrees and may hold different demands. it is of import for me as a coach to understand this and if necessary give extra aid and counsel as required. Without regurgitating the full list of duties. some cardinal 1s to to boot pick out are: * Keeping up to day of the month with developments in the nucleus topic every bit good as maintaining up to day of the month with any new instruction guidelines or alterations to the course of study. * Promoting the scholars to come on and develop their callings by giving constructive feedback. * Continually reflect on my instruction public presentation and measure each session taught and alteration if necessary. Review ain function and duties in placing and run intoing the demands of scholars. ( 7. 1. 4 ) A cardinal duty would be to acquire to cognize the scholars in the category as persons. and to understand their different abilities and larning manners. The techniques already used in the first lesson would be a really good start. such as the acquisition manners questionnaire ( although reading of the consequences is really subjective. ) . the basic accomplishments proving. and the group debuts. The group debuts and the personal interview prior to get downing the class was a manner of understanding the motive of the scholars. and why they are set abouting the preparation. With this cognition the coach can take to guarantee that the lesson bringing is varied to accommodate the different demands of the scholars and give personal aid if necessary. These activities are portion of the Identifying Needs’ phase of the Teaching and Leaning Cycle and are documented by Gravells 2. although she has the functions and responsibilities a small baffled. As the class progresses. the coachs apprehension of the demands of the single scholars will go clearer as they get to cognize them. alterations and accommodations can be made to the lesson bringing. This is an application of Kolb’s Reflective Cycle. to set it merely – Planning. Doing. Reviewing. Learning and back to planning. Mentions 1 Lifelong Learning UK ( LLUK ) New overarching professional criterions for instructors. coachs and trainers in the womb-to-tomb acquisition sector. 2 Gravells. A. . ( 2011 ) Fixing to learn in the Lifelong Learning Sector Web sites World Wide Web. excellencegateway. org World Wide Web. ptllsresource. co. United Kingdom hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Manchester. Ac. uk/aboutus/equalityanddiversity/

A Strategic Empty Container Logistics Optimization Essay

A Strategic Empty Container Logistics Optimization - Essay Example Therefore, they get limited in other regions that export more than they import. The other problem is that it is unknown when demand will rise for containers and return date for containers is uncertain. Also, Epstein et al., says that capacity for ships returning empty containers is not known, and a lot of information needs to be processed hence at times delay decision making that would help decrease stocks of empty containers. Another problem is of ensuring communication of interrelated decisions around all countries that CSAV operates; this was to ensure making decisions at a worldwide level to get rid of empty container challenge. Alternative Solutions to the Empty Container Problem. Different shipping companies have come up with solutions to overcome the problem of empty containers by use of advanced technologies. Among the technologies is the use of foldable containers. Taking containers to nearby ports with equipment necessary to fold the containers follows emptying them. The co ntainers on folding are space-saving hence can be shipped back to where they came from so that they can be used in moving more goods to other various destinations instead of staying where they had been taken waiting when they will be used to ship goods, which may never happen. It is clear that some regions are high importers but export fewer goods hence the containers may never leave that region. Therefore, incurrence of storage costs and lowering efficient in regions the containers are in need by customers.